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防止房屋因气候变化而产生裂缝。其做法为：沿建筑物长度方向每隔一定距离预留缝隙，将建筑物从屋顶、墙体、楼层等地面以上构件全部断开，建筑物基础因其埋在地下受温度变化影响小，不必断开。伸缩缝的宽度一般为20厘米到30厘米，缝内填保温材料，两条伸缩缝的间距在建筑结构规范中有明确规定。

Prevent cracks in the house from climate change. The method is to reserve gaps in every distance from the length of buildings， and to disconnect buildings from above ground components， such as roofs， walls， floors， etc.， because the foundation of buildings is less affected by temperature changes due to their underground burying， so they do not need to be disconnected. The width of the expansion joint is usually 20 cm to 30 cm. The insulation materials are filled in the seams， and the distance between the two expansion joints is clearly defined in the construction code.

若建筑物平面尺寸过长，因热胀冷缩的缘故，可能导致在结构中产生过大的温度应力，需在结构一定长度位置设缝将建筑分成几部分，该缝即为温度缝。对不同的结构体系，伸缩缝间的距离不同，中国现行规范混凝土结构设计规范GB中8.1条对此有专门规定。

If the plane size of a building is too long， it may cause excessive temperature stress in the structure due to thermal expansion and cold contraction. It is necessary to sew the building into several parts at a certain length， and the joints are temperature joints. For different structural systems， the distance between expansion joints is different. The 8.1 rule in the code for design of concrete structures in China is GB

桥梁伸缩缝GQF-C型、GQF-Z型、GQF-E型、GQF-F型、GQF-MZL型，全都是采用热轧整体成型的异型钢材设计的桥梁伸缩缝产品。其中GQF-C型、GQF-Z型、GQF-L型、GQF-F型桥梁伸缩装置适用于伸缩量80mm以下的的桥梁， GQF-MZL型桥梁伸缩装置型是由边梁、中梁、横梁和连动机构组成的模数式桥梁伸缩缝装置，适用于伸缩量80mm-1200mm的大中跨度桥梁。

Bridge expansion joints GQF-C， GQF-Z， GQF-E， GQF-F and GQF-MZL are all welded expansion joint products designed by hot rolled integral shaped steel. The GQF-C type， GQF-Z type， GQF-L type， GQF-F type bridge expansion device is suitable for the expansion of the 80mm below the bridge， GQF-MZL bridge expansion device is composed of modular bridge expansion edge beam， beam， beam and linkage mechanism joint device， suitable for large and medium span bridge expansion 80mm-1200mm.

为满足桥面变形的要求，通常在两梁端之间、梁端与桥台之间或桥。

In order to meet the requirements of the deformation of the bridge， it is usually between the two beam ends， between the Liang Duan and the abutment or the bridge.

橡胶垫块是由多层橡胶片硫化粘合而成一种普通橡胶支座产品，这种产品具有足够的竖向刚度，能够将支座上部构造的反力可靠的传递给墩台，支座具有良好的弹性，以应对桥梁的梁端的转动又有较大的剪切变形能力，以满足上部构造的水平位移。

The rubber pad is composed of multilayer rubber vulcanization bonding a common rubber bearing products， this product has enough vertical stiffness， can force reliable transfer to the pier upper bearing structure， bearing has good flexibility， rotating beam end in response to the bridge and a larger shear deformation capacity in order to meet， the horizontal displacement of superstructure.

橡胶垫块的布置

The arrangement of rubber padding blocks

橡胶垫块的布置主要和桥梁的结构形式有关。通常在布置支座时需要考虑以下的基本原则

The layout of the rubber pad is mainly related to the structural form of the bridge. The following basic principles should usually be taken into consideration in the arrangement of support

（1）上部结构是空间结构时，橡胶垫块应能同时适应桥梁顺桥向（X方向）和横桥向（Y方向）的变形

（1） when the superstructure is a spatial structure， the rubber pad should be able to adapt to the deformation of the bridge direction （X direction） and the transverse bridge （Y direction）.

（2）橡胶垫块必须能可靠的传递垂直和水平反力

（2） the rubber pad must be able to reliably transfer the vertical and horizontal forces.

（3）橡胶垫块应使由于梁体变形所产生的纵向位移、横向位移和纵、恒向转角应尽可能不受约束

（3） the rubber block should make the longitudinal displacement， the lateral displacement and the longitudinal and constant angle due to the deformation of the beam body as far as possible.

（4）当桥梁位于平坡上，固定橡胶垫块宜设在主要行车方向的前端桥台上

（4） when the bridge is located on the flat slope， the fixed rubber pad should be located on the front end abutment of the main driving direction.

（5）橡胶垫块宜设置在具有较大垫块反力的地方

（5） the rubber pad should be set in a place with large counterforce.

（6）在同一桥墩上的几个橡胶垫块应具有相近的转动刚度

（6） several rubber padding blocks on the same pier should have similar rotational stiffness.

总之，桥梁橡胶垫块的布置原则是既要便于传递支座反力，又要使橡胶垫块能充分适应梁体的自由变形。

In a word， the arrangement principle of bridge rubber pad is not only to transfer the support back force， but also to make the rubber pad fully adapt to the free deformation of the beam.